Basics of sampling
For a successful DNA analysis it is crucial that the sample actually contains DNA.
The spring test example presents the following problem:
The growth of the feather takes place exclusively in the feather sheath, which is located in the skin. This is the only place where cells capable of dividing can be found, and which contain genetic material (DNA) in the cell nuclei. The fully grown feather consists mainly of keratin, a "dead" material, and therefore contains no DNA.
Why then is DNA sex determination still possible from the pen?
DNA sex determination from feathers is possible because small parts of the feather sheath are pulled out when plucking. It is important to grasp the feather close to the quill and pull it out in order to obtain enough cell material.
Avoid common mistakes
Feather flags
Cutting off the plume does not yield DNA, so such samples are unusable for testing.
Contamination
Do not touch the quill with bare hands after plucking, as enzymes on our skin can destroy DNA.
Unusual feathers
During moulting, feathers naturally fall out and no longer contain any DNA because no cells remain attached to the quill.
Unsuitable material
To detect certain pathogens, such as Chlamydophila psittaci, swabs from mucous membranes are necessary because these bacteria are not found in feathers.
Down feathers
These feathers have small, short quills and contain little DNA, making them unsuitable for diagnostic testing.
Please note
Do not send clipped feathers or hair.
Do not send any loose feathers or hair.
Do not send down feathers.
Do not touch the quills directly with your hands.
Feathers are not the right sample material for detecting bacteria.
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